Antibiofilm and Immune-Modulatory Activity of Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol in Oral Environments-In Vitro Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties and the immune modulatory activity of cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) on oral bacteria and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PLF). METHODS: Cytotoxicity was assessed by propidium iodide flow cytometry on fibroblasts derived from the periodontal ligament. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CBD and CBG for S. mutans and C. albicans and the metabolic activity of a subgingival 33-species biofilm under CBD and CBG treatments were determined. The Quantification of cytokines was performed using the LEGENDplex kit (BioLegend, Ref 740930, San Diego, CA, USA). RESULTS: CBD-treated cell viability was greater than 95%, and for CBG, it was higher than 88%. MIC for S. mutans with CBD was 20 µM, and 10 µM for CBG. For C. albicans, no inhibitory effect was observed. Multispecies biofilm metabolic activity was reduced by 50.38% with CBD at 125 µg/mL (p = 0.03) and 39.9% with CBG at 62 µg/mL (p = 0.023). CBD exposure at 500 µg/mL reduced the metabolic activity of the formed biofilm by 15.41%, but CBG did not have an effect. CBG at 10 µM caused considerable production of anti-inflammatory mediators such as TGF-ß and IL-4 at 12 h. CBD at 10 µM to 20 µM produced the highest amount of IFN-γ. CONCLUSION: Both CBG and CBD inhibit S. mutans; they also moderately lower the metabolic activity of multispecies biofilms that form; however, CBD had an effect on biofilms that had already developed. This, together with the production of anti-inflammatory mediators and the maintenance of the viability of mammalian cells from the oral cavity, make these substances promising for clinical use and should be taken into account for future studies.

Lippia origanoides derivatives in vitro evaluation on polymicrobial biofilms: Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Candida albicans.

OBJECTIVE: This work evaluated the Lippia origanoides derivatives in vitro effect on polymicrobial biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Candida albicans. Additionally, the cytotoxic effect of the oils on human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) and fibroblasts of the periodontal ligament (FLP) cell lines was evaluated. DESIGN: The minimum inhibitory concentration, the inhibitory activity on monomicrobial (S. mutans) and polymicrobial biofilm (S. mutans, L. rhamnosus and C. albicans) of L. origanoides four essential oils and terpenes (thymol and carvacrol) were evaluated. The cytotoxic effect of each one of the compounds was measured, and all the tests were compared against chlorhexidine. RESULTS: All the evaluated compounds reached an inhibition percentage of S. mutans monomicrobial biofilms formation of 100 % at 600 µg/mL (p < 0.0001). The highest concentration (2 MIC) eradicated 100 % of S. mutans-preformed biofilms after 5 min L. origanoides carvacrol + thymol and thymol chemotypes showed marked reductions in topography, the number of microbial cells and extracellular matrix on polymicrobial biofilm. The cytotoxic effect of the compounds was very similar to chlorhexidine. CONCLUSIONS: L. origanoides essential oils have an inhibitory effect on mono and polymicrobial biofilms. The oils present a similar cytotoxic effect to chlorhexidine on HaCaT and FLP cell lines. However, including these compounds in formulations for clinical use is an exciting proposal yet to be investigated.

The Cytotoxic and Inhibitory Effects of Plant Derivatives on Candida albicans Biofilms: A Scoping Review.

Candida albicans infections are related to biofilm formation. The increase in antifungal resistance and their adverse effects have led to the search for therapeutic options as plant derivatives. This scoping review aims to identify the current status of in vitro research on the cytotoxicity and inhibitory effects of plant derivatives on C. albicans biofilms. In this study, PRISMA items were followed. After recognition of the inclusion criteria, full texts were read and disagreements were resolved with a third party. A risk of bias assessment was performed, and information was summarized using Microsoft Office Excel. Thirty-nine papers fulfilling the selection criteria were included. The risk of bias analysis identified most of the studies as low risk. Studies evaluated plant derivatives such as extracts, essential oils, terpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids and polyphenols. Some studies evaluated the inhibition of C. albicans biofilm formation, inhibition on preformed biofilms or both. The derivatives at concentrations greater than or equal to those that have an inhibitory effect on C. albicans biofilms, without showing cytotoxicity, include magnoflorin, ellagic acid, myricetin and eucarobustol from Eucalyptus robusta and, as the works in which these derivatives were studied are of good quality, it is desirable to carry out study in other experimental phases, with methodologies that generate comparable information.

Assessment of cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of two components of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil.

BACKGROUND: There is a continuing search for compuounds to improve the chemical plaque inhibitory action of oral hygiene products. Although the antibacterial effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) and essential oils components, citral/myrcene, have been described, there is contradictory information regarding their cytotoxic effects in host tissues. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of the major components of the oil C. citratus, citral and myrcene on human periodontal ligament fibroblast (HPLF) cultures and their antimicrobial effect on different bacterial species present in supragingival biofilm. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cytotoxicity of the compounds to HPLF was determined by MTT assay. Antimicrobial activity was tested against reference strains of Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and for S. mutans clinical strains by broth microdilution assay. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Games-Howell post-hoc multiple comparison or unpaired t tests were used for inter- and intragroup comparisons. RESULTS: Overall, all of the compounds under study showed a cytotoxic effect to HPLF which varied in a dose-dependant manner. Whilst myrcene did not show bacteriostatic activity at tested concentrations, both citral and CHX exhibited bacteriostatic/bactericidal effects to all strains at specific concentrations, being CHX most effective to inhibit bacterial growth at lower concentrations than what observed for citral. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, it would possible to conclude that whereas myrcene might be ineffective to control bacterial growth, citral could have a promising antimicrobial activity against dental colonizers with low cytotoxicity, and may be useful for preventing the onset and progression of oral diseases. Key words:Antimicrobial activity, citral, cytotoxicity, chlorhexidine, myrcene.

Thymol, menthol and eucalyptol as agents for microbiological control in the oral cavity: A scoping review / Timol, mentol y eucaliptol como agentes para el control microbiológico en cavidad bucal: una revisión exploratoria

SUMMARY Dental plaque is a complex environment that maintains a balance with certain microbial communities; however, this microhabitat can be disturbed by some endogenous species causing disease. An exploratory systematic review was carried out using the PubMed, Scopus, Lilacs, and Science Direct databases, identifying that the thymol, menthol, and eucalyptol compounds present varying antimicrobial activity, intra- and interspecies discordance, and a strong antimicrobial intensity on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Streptococcus mutans, indicating that these phytochemicals can be considered broad-spectrum antimicrobial substances, with an effect on microorganisms linked to oral diseases.

RESUMEN La placa dental es un ambiente complejo que mantiene un equilibrio con determinadas comunidades microbianas; sin embargo, este micro hábitat puede ser perturbado por algunas especies endógenas causando enfermedad. Se realizó una revisión sistemática exploratoria empleando las bases de datos Pubmed, Scopus, Lilacs y Science Direct y se identificó que los compuestos timol, mentol y eucaliptol presentan actividad antimicrobiana variable, discordancias intra e inter-especie y una intensidad antimicrobiana fuerte sobre Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillusplantarum and Streptococcus mutans; indicando que estos fitoquímicos pueden ser consideradas como sustancias antimicrobianas de amplio espectro, con efecto sobre microorganismos relacionados con enfermedades bucales.

Assessment of adherence to preventive treatment of plaque-induced oral diseases using sugar-free gums: a controlled clinical trial / Evaluación de la adhesión al tratamiento preventivo de enfermedades bucales inducidas por placa bacteriana mediante el uso de gomas de mascar sin azúcar: ensayo clínico controlado

Abstract Introduction: the aim of this study was to assess the adherence to a preventive treatment of plaque-induced oral diseases using two sugar-free gums, establishing their effect on cariogenic bacteria counts as a biological marker of treatment response. Methods: a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, controlled intervention study was conducted in 96 young adult university students in an experimental period of 30 days. Participants were distributed into two groups and given a chewing gum with either pentitol or hexitol + CPP-ACP complex to be taken three times a day for 20 minutes after conventional oral hygiene. Saliva samples were collected at baseline to evaluate counts of Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Lactobacillus spp. A survey was conducted at the end of the experimental period to assess the levels of adherence to treatment, remeasuring bacterial counts. Results: SM counts showed statistically significant differences between the study groups at the end of the experimental period, with a decreasing tendency in both groups. Intragroup difference was observed in patients who took pentitol gum with a marked reduction in SM counts. Conclusion: the final estimate of adherence to treatment showed that the type of chewing gum patients were given had no influence and therefore such gums can be used, considering the therapeutic agents that most contribute to patient's particular case and preferences.

Resumen Introducción: el objetivo consistió en evaluar la adherencia a un tratamiento preventivo de enfermedades bucales inducidas por placa bacteriana, utilizando dos gomas de mascar sin azúcar y establecer su efecto sobre recuentos de bacterias cariogénicas como indicador biológico de los efectos del tratamiento. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de intervención, doble ciego, de grupos paralelos, aleatorizado controlado, en 96 adultos jóvenes universitarios, en un período experimental de 30 días. Los participantes fueron distribuidos en dos grupos con asignación de una goma de mascar con pentitol o con hexitol + complejo CPP-ACP que debían ser consumidas 20 minutos/tres veces al día después de la higiene oral convencional. Al inicio del studio fueron recolectadas muestras de saliva para evaluar recuentos de Estreptococos del grupo mutans (SM) y Lactobacillus spp. Al finalizar el período experimental, se realizó una encuesta para evaluar los niveles deadherencia al tratamiento y los recuentos bacterianos fueron medidos nuevamente. Resultados: Los recuentos de SM mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos de estudio al final del período experimental, con tendencia hacia la disminución en ambos grupos. Se observó diferencia intragrupo en los pacientes que consumieron la goma de mascar con pentitol, con marcada reducción de los recuentos de SM. Conclusión: la estimación final de la adherencia al tratamiento mostró que el tipo de goma de mascar asignada al paciente no tuvo influencia y, por lo tanto, estas pueden ser utilizadas teniendo en cuenta los agentes terapéuticos que más aporten al caso particular del paciente y las preferencias del mismo.

The use of analgesics and anti-inflammatories in an oral surgery service in Medellín, Colombia, 2013-2015 / Uso de analgésicos y antiinflamatorios en un servicio de cirugía bucal en Medellín, 2013-2015

ABSTRACT Introduction: dental surgical procedures trigger an inflammatory response, for which dental practitioners prescribe analgesic and anti-inflammatory medications using pharmacological guidelines that require knowledge on the use of medicines in a given environment. The aim of the present study was to identify the analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs most commonly prescribed at the oral surgery service of the Universidad de Antioquia School of Dentistry. Methods: this retrospective descriptive study reviewed the clinical records of the oral surgery service in the period January 2013-August 2015. A total of 1,177 records were reviewed, and 709 were selected for analysis. Results: 53.1% of the drugs prescribed were non-selective Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). Ibuprofen was formulated in 26.7% of all cases, followed by nimesulide with 24.1% and the combination of acetaminophen plus meloxicam with 10.2%. This same prescription pattern was observed in patients reporting no additional relevant medical history. In the case of gastric history, nimesulide was the drug of choice. 84% of all procedures were surgical extractions of third molars, with ibuprofen 600 mg postoperative for three days as the main therapeutic scheme. Conclusion: ibuprofen, nimesulide, and the combination acetaminophen plus meloxicam were the main analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs prescribed in this study, according to medical and surgical records.

RESUMEN Introducción: la realización de procedimientos quirúrgicos odontológicos desencadena una respuesta inflamatoria, por la cual el profesional prescribe medicamentos analgésicos y antiinflamatorios teniendo como apoyo guías farmacológicas cuya construcción requiere del conocimiento del uso de los medicamentos en un determinado entorno. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en identificar los analgésicos y antiinflamatorios más prescritos en el servicio de cirugía bucal de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Antioquia. Métodos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en el que se revisaron las historias clínicas del servicio de cirugía bucal en el período comprendido entre enero del 2013 y agosto del 2015. De una revisión de 1.177 registros se incluyeron 709 para el análisis de la información. Resultados: el 53,1% de los medicamentos prescritos fueron AINEs no selectivos, el ibuprofeno fue formulado en el 26,7% de los casos, seguido de la nimesulida (24,1%) y la combinación acetaminofén más meloxicam (10,2%). Este mismo patrón de prescripción se apreció cuando el paciente manifestó no tener ningún antecedente médico de relevancia; en el caso de referir antecedentes gástricos, la nimesulida fue el fármaco de elección. El 84% del total de procedimientos fue la exodoncia quirúrgica de terceros molares, en el cual el ibuprofeno de 600 mg posoperatorio durante tres días fue el principal esquema terapéutico. Conclusión: el ibuprofeno, la nimesulida y la combinación acetaminofén más meloxicam fueron los principales analgésicos y antiinflamatorios prescritos en este estudio según los antecedentes médicos y el procedimiento quirúrgico.

Molecular docking and in silico studies of the physicochemical properties of potential inhibitors for the phosphotransferase system of Streptococcus mutans.

This study identified potential inhibitory compounds of the phosphoenolpyruvate-sugar. Phosphotransferase system of S. mutans, specifically enzyme II mannose transporter (EIIMan) in its subunits IIA, IIB and IIC by means of a selection protocol and in silico molecular analysis. Intervening the phosphotransferase system would compromise the physiological behavior and the pathogenic expression of S. mutans, and possibly other acidogenic bacteria that use phosphotransferases in their metabolism-making the phosphotransferase system a therapeutic target for the selective control of acidogenic microorganisms in caries control. Several computational techniques were used to evaluate molecular, physicochemical, and toxicological aspects of various compounds. Molecular docking was used to calculate the binding potential (ΔG) between receptor protein subunits and more than 836,000 different chemical compounds from the ZINC database. Physicochemical parameters related to the compounds' pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic indicators were evaluated, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET), and chemical analysis characterized the compounds structures. Thirteen compounds with EII binding potential of the phosphotransferase system of S. mutans and favorable ADMET properties were identified. Six spirooxindoles and three pyrrolidones stand out from the found compounds; unique structural characteristics of spirooxindoles and pyrrolidones associated with various reported biological activities like anti-microbial, antiinflammatory, anticancer, nootropic, neuroprotective and antiepileptic effects, among other pharmacological effects with surprising differences in terms of mechanisms of action. Following studies will provide more evidence of the action of these compounds on the phosphotransferase system of S. mutans, and its possible applications.

Antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) on Streptococcus mutans biofilm and its cytotoxic effects

Resumen La caries dental, es una patología de origen multifactorial y actualmente los productos naturales son un tratamiento alternativo eficiente. El trabajo buscó evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de tres sustancias (Cymbopogon citratus y los componentes citral y mirceno) contra Streptococcus mutans ATCC UA159, así como su citotoxicidad sobre queratinocitos y fibroblastos humanos. A través de Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido, se observó la morfología típica de S. mutans, y una formación característica de polisacáridos, con una disposición más estructurada a las 48 h. El efecto de viabilidad bacteriana contra S. mutans en biofilms se evaluó a través de la exposición a las tres sustancias mediante el uso de la técnica de alto rendimiento MBEC, a concentraciones de 1, 0.1 y 0.01 μg/ml y clorhexidina como control positivo. La citotoxicidad de los compuestos se evaluó sobre queratinocitos y fibroblastos, mediante la técnica de reducción de MTT, utilizando 0.5 mM de H2O2 como control de muerte celular (control negativo) y etanol 1 % como control del vehículo (control positivo). Las tres sustancias evaluadas, tuvieron efectos sobre la viabilidad bacteriana de S. mutans con una mortalidad entre 74 y 96 %, sin diferencia significativa entre ellos (P > 0.393); adicionalmente, no fue evidente la citotoxicidad sobre queratinocitos y fibroblastos en un tratamiento de 24 h. Las sustancias evaluadas mostraron efectos antimicrobianos significativos; por lo tanto, estos deben estudiarse más a fondo como posibles coadyuvantes para prevenir la caries dental que causa efectos adversos menores.(AU)

Abstract Dental caries is a pathology of multifactorial origin and currently natural products are an efficient alternative treatment. The work sought to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the three substances (Cymbopogon citratus essential oil and the citral and myrcene components) against Streptococcus mutans ATCC UA159, as well as their cytotoxicity on keratinocytes and human fibroblasts. Through Scanning electron microscopy, the typical morphology of S. mutans was observed and, a characteristic formation of polysaccharides, with more structured arrangement at 48 h. The bacterial viability effect against S. mutans on biofilms was evaluated through exposure to the three substances by using the MBEC technique-high-throughput at concentrations of 1, 0.1, and 0.01 µg/mL and chlorhexidine as positive control. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated on keratinocytes and fibroblasts through the MTT reduction technique, using 0.5 mM H2O2 as cell-death control (negative control) and ethanol 1 % as vehicle control (positive control). The three substances evaluated had effects on the bacterial viability of S. mutans with mortality between 74 and 96 %, without significant difference among them (P > 0.393); additionally, no cytotoxicity was evident on keratinocytes and fibroblasts in a 24 h treatment. The substances evaluated showed significant antimicrobial effects; hence, these should be studied further as potential co-adjuvants to prevent dental caries that cause minor adverse effects.(AU)

The use of fluoride dentifrices in children: conceptual bases in a confusing context. A topic review / Uso de dentífricos fluorados en niños: bases conceptuales en un contexto confuso. Revisión de tema

ABSTRACT. Fluoride toothpastes have long been recommended as part of the measures to prevent dental caries. Controversial findings suggest that an inappropriate use of this type of dentifrices can significantly contribute to the total intake of fluoride by children younger than 3 years, being one of the reasons why they have been linked to the development of dental fluorosis. The cost-benefit relationship of using fluoride dentifrices in children has been controversial and has allowed the evolution of concepts that reinforce the recommendations to use them. This topic review discusses some aspects that determine the preventive potential of fluoride toothpastes, the academic recommendations to use them, the various policies in Latin American countries on the issue, and a brief description of the availability of products in the Colombian market. This article seeks to contribute to a better understanding of this issue and therefore to a better orientation of patients.

RESUMEN. Las cremas dentales fluoradas han sido recomendadas ampliamente como parte de la prevención de la caries dental. Resultados controversiales sugieren que su uso inadecuado puede contribuir de manera importante a la ingesta total de fluoruros en niños menores de 3 años, siendo ésta una de las razones por las que han sido relacionadas con el desarrollo de fluorosis dental. La relación costo-beneficio del uso de los dentífricos fluorados en los niños ha generado controversia y ha permitido la evolución de conceptos que cimientan las recomendaciones de uso. En esta revisión de tema se presentan algunos aspectos que determinan el potencial preventivo de las cremas dentales fluoradas, las recomendaciones académicas sobre su uso, distintas normativas gubernamentales de países de América Latina en torno al tema, y una breve descripción de la disponibilidad de productos en el mercado colombiano. Se pretende contribuir así a una mayor comprensión del tema y por tanto a una mejor orientación individual de los pacientes.

In silico search of inhibitors of Streptococcus mutans for the control of dental plaque.

Biofilm is an extremely complex microbial community arranged in a matrix of polysaccharides and attached to a substrate. Its development is crucial in the pathophysiology of oral infections like dental caries, as well as in periodontal, pulp, and periapical diseases. Streptococcus mutans is one of the most effective microorganisms in lactic acid production of the dental biofilm. Identifying essential Streptococcus mutans proteins using bioinformatics methods helps to search for alternative therapies. To this end, the bacterial genomes of several Streptococcus mutans strains and representative strains of other cariogenic and non-cariogenic bacteria were analysed by identifying pathogenicity islands and alignments with other bacteria, and by detecting the exclusive genes of cariogenic species in comparison to the non-pathogenic ones. This study used tools for orthology prediction such as BLAST and OrthoMCL, as well as the server IslandViewer for the detection of pathogenicity islands. In addition, the potential interactome of Streptococcus mutans was rebuilt by comparing it to interologues of other species phylogenetically close to or associated with cariogenicity. This protocol yielded a final list of 20 proteins related to potentially virulent factors that can be used as therapeutic targets in future analyses. The EIIA and EIIC enzymatic subunits of the phosphotransferase system (PTS) were prioritized, as well as the pyruvate kinase enzyme, which are directly involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and in obtaining the necessary energy for the microorganism's survival. These results will guide a subsequent experimental trial to develop new, safe, and effective molecules in the treatment of dental caries.

Exploración de significados con respectoa la salud bucal de un grupo de gestantes de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia: ¿hay alfabetización en salud bucal? / Exploration of meanings regarding oral health in a group of pregnant women in Medellín, Colombia: is there oral health literacy?

Introducción: en muchas culturas, la madre es la responsable por excelencia del cuidado del bebé, en muchos casos el adulto más significativo, modelo de referencia imitable y transmisora principal de cultura, incluyendo conocimientos y prácticas de salud. El objetivo fue explorar en un grupo de gestantes de la ciudad de Medellín participantes de un programa de intervención, los significados con respecto a la salud bucal propia y de sus hijos. Métodos: el abordaje metodológico fue la etnometodología; se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradasque fueron grabadas, transcritas y analizadas, agrupando las respuestas en recurrencias, divergencias, textos significativos y tendencias. Resultados: las gestantes otorgan un significado importante a la boca, relacionado con la supervivencia y la estética; enfatizan en los dientes como parte integrante de la boca y consideran la salud bucal sinónimo de dientes sanos. El concepto de higiene bucal lo representan comohigiene de los dientes, con cepillo y crema dental. La boca de su futuro hijo no es asunto de preocupación, aunque consideran importante su higiene, pero no en etapas tempranas. Conclusiones: la boca como elemento fundamental de supervivencia, es un asunto reconocidopor las entrevistadas. Los cuidados de la boca del bebé, adquieren importancia en relación con la aparición de los dientes. La seda dental, elemento necesario para la higiene de los dientes, no está incorporado en las prácticas de las gestantes, como tampoco una frecuencia del cepillado. La alfabetización en salud propone construir conocimiento que incida positivamente en el fomento y conservación de la salud.

Introduction: in many cultures, mothers are responsible for taking care of their babies, being the mother frequently the most significant adult, a model to follow, and the principal transmitter of culture, including health knowledge and practices. The objective of this study was to explore a group of pregnant women’s perceptions of their own oral health and that of their children. These women were all from Medellín, Colombia, and they were participating in one of the city’s intervention programs. Methods: An ethno-methodologicalapproach was used; therefore, semi-structured interviews were conducted, recorded, transcribed and analyzed, and the responses were classified according to four criteria: recurrence, divergence, tendencies, and significant meanings. Results: pregnant mothers give significant importance to the mouth due to survival and esthetic reasons. They emphasize teeth over other parts of the mouth and think that oral health is synonymous to healthy teeth. The concept of oral hygiene is represented as cleaning the teeth with toothbrush and toothpaste. The mouth of their future child is not a matter of concern, and they consider oral hygiene important but not in early stages. Conclusions: the interviewed mothers recognize the mouth as an essential survival element. Care of the baby’s mouth gains importance as teeth appear.Dental floss, which is considered necessary as a cleaning element, is not used by pregnant women, not is it frequent tooth brushing. The claim of Oral Health Literacy is to build knowledge in order to promote and preserve health.

Caries de la infancia temprana en niños de uno a cinco años / Early childhood caries in 1-5 year-old children

Introducción: el objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la experiencia, prevalencia y severidad de caries dental en niños de uno a cinco años asistentes a hogares infantiles en una zona de estrato socioeconómico bajo y medio-bajo. Métodos: se evaluaron 659 niños asistentes a hogares infantiles en la zona nororiental de la ciudad de Medellín. Un examinador calibrado(Kappa intraexaminador 0,77 e interexaminador 0,71) registró las lesiones de caries dental, siguiendo los criterios Sistema Internacional de Detección y Evaluación de Caries (ICDAS). Se calculó la experiencia de caries dental según edad y sexo y sudistribución por niveles de severidad. Resultados: utilizando los criterios ICDAS, el 69,7% de los niños tenía caries de la infancia temprana (CIT), el promedio de superficies afectadas fue 5,12 (±7,5), con diferencias significativas por edad y predominio delesiones iniciales. Conclusiones: la población estudiada presenta niveles altos de caries dental, lo cual refleja que aún es necesario avanzar en la definición de políticas de salud bucal para la primera infancia en la ciudad.

Introduction: the purpose of this study was to estimate the experience, prevalence and severity of dental caries in 1-5 year-old children attending day care centers in a low and middle-low socioeconomic area. Methods: 659 children who were attending day care centers in the North Eastern area of the city of Medellin were examined. A calibrated (intra examiner Kappa0.77 and inter examiner 0.71) examiner registered dental caries lesions, using International Caries Assessment and Detection System (ICDAS) criteria. Dental caries experience was calculated according to age, gender and distribution levels of severity. Results: using ICDAS criteria, 69.7% of children had early childhood caries (ECC), the average affected surfaces was 5.12(±7.5), with significant differences by age and predominance of early lesions in 1-3 year-old children. Conclusion: the population studied had high levels of dental caries, reflecting that it is still necessary to advance in the definition of oral health policies for young children in the city.

Estudio de las cepas de estreptococos del grupo mutans presentes en binomios madre–hijo / Study of Mutans streptococci strains in mother and child pairs

Introducción: los estreptococos del grupo mutans (MS) constituyen un grupo de bacterias asociadas con la patogénesis de la caries dental. La evidencia indica que el contacto directo madre-hijo durante la erupción de los primeros dientes temporales es una forma común de transmisión, pero esta puede darse también durante la etapa predental, causando un posible aumento de riesgo a la caries. El objetivo fue evaluar la presencia de MS en binomios madre-hijo, y comparar los aislamientos realizados por fingerprinting del ADN cromosómico para determinar si en estos binomios se ha producido transmisión vertical antes de laerupción dental. Métodos: la presencia de MS fue evaluada en sesenta binomios madre-hijo por medio de cultivos en Agar Mitis Salivarius. Las cepas portadas por binomios madre-hijo en las que tanto la madre como el niño tenían presencia de MS (parejas positivas) fueron analizadas por fingerprinting del ADN cromosómico. Resultados: del grupo inicial de 60 binomios madre- hijo,resultaron 12 parejas positivas. En estas fueron identificadas 172 cepas de MS. El ADN cromosómico de estas fue purificado y digerido con HaeIII, los fragmentos separados por electroforesis en gel de agarosa permitieron obtener patrones de bandas, que fueron comparados con el programa Quantity One, que permitió identificar homología en por lo menos una de las cepas, de 9 de las 12 parejas positivas. Conclusión: los resultados sustentan la idea de la transmisión vertical de los MS y confirman su presencia en niños en los que aún no se ha producido la erupción dental.

Introduction: Mutans Streptococci (MS) are a group of bacteria associated with the pathogenesis of dental caries.Evidence indicates that direct mother-to-infant contact during the eruption of the first primary tooth is a common mode of MS transmission, but this could also happen in pre dentate children, making possible an elevated dental caries risk. The objective was to assess the presence of MS in the pre-dentate infant and his or her mother, and to compare the strains using chromosomal DNAfingerprinting to ascertain the importance of vertical transmission before dental eruption. Methods: sixty pre-dentate infant-mother pairs were examined for the presence of MS using a Mitis Salivarius Agar. The strains harvested from the pre-dentate infants and their mothers (positive pairs) were analyzed by chromosomal DNA fingerprinting. Results: from the initial group of 60 pre-dentate infant-mother pairs, 12 were positive pairs. Genomic fingerprints of MS strains harvested from the 12 positive pairs were examined, and a total of 172 strains were found. Whole genomic DNA was purified and digested with HaeIII, fragments were separated byagarose gel electrophoresis. Genomic fingerprints were compared by the Quantity One Program. Homology in at least one strain was observed among 9 pre dentate infant–mother pairs. Conclusion: results support the notion of vertical transmission of MS, and confirm their presence in the pre dentate stage.

Detection of Treponema denticola in saliva obtained from patients with various periodontal conditions.

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Treponema denticola in saliva of periodontally diseased and healthy patients and its relationship with the periodontal status. A 16S rRNA-based polymerase chain reaction detection method was used to determine the prevalence of T. denticola in whole saliva samples from patients with chronic periodontitis (CP, n = 37), aggressive periodontitis (AgP, n = 24), and healthy subjects (n = 28). The periodontal status of each subject was assessed by criteria based on probing depth, clinical attachment loss, and extent of periodontal breakdown. Risk factors were assessed individually and adjusted for confounding using a binary logistic regression model. The results showed that the prevalence of T. denticola in CP patients was significantly higher than those in healthy and AgP subjects (P < 0.05). Odds ratio analysis revealed a positive association for CP group/T. denticola-positive and smoking/T. denticola-positive subjects. Furthermore, all clinical measurements were significantly greater (P < 0.05) for T. denticola-positive subjects compared to T. denticola-negative subjects. After binary logistic regression analysis, both T. denticola and smoking were independently and strongly associated with development of CP. It was concluded that when used in conjunction with an optimized clinical examination protocol, this assay may offer a rapid, useful, and cost-effective tool for monitoring the presence of T. denticola in noninvasive clinical samples from both healthy and diseased patients and correlating it with the amount and extent of periodontal breakdown.

Control biológico sobre streptococcus mutans y su potencial acidogénico / Biological control of streptococcus mutans and its acidogenic potential

Las acciones realizadas por instituciones de salud en la prevención de la caries dental han sido insuficientes y de bajo impacto para lograr una reducción significativa. El control biológico o terapia de reemplazo, aplicado a la prevención de enfermedades infecciosas, es una posibilidad terapéutica hipotética. Sin embargo, es importante estudiar y analizar el futuro valor que pueda tener esta estrategia en la solución de problemas odontológicos, específicamente en la caries dental. El propósito de esta revisión es analizar las investigaciones realizadas en la búsqueda, mejora y aplicación de cepas de Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) en el control biológico sobre cepas de S,. mutans nativas, y por consiguiente, en la prevención de la caries dental.

Transmisión de la infección por streptococcus mutans / Transmission of the streptococcus mutans infection

La caries dental es una enfermedad infecciosa y como tal, el estudio de las vías de transmisión que utilizan los microorganismos causantes, reviste gran importancia para el mejor entendimiento de la enfermedad y de las formas como esta puede ser prevenida. Ésta transmisión ha sido estudiada con mayor interés en los microorganismos pertenecientes al grupo de los estreptococos mutans, puesto que son los agentes infecciosos más relacionados con el inicio de la lesión de caries.

Capacidad del streptococcus mutans para fermentar xilitol y sacarina sódica in vitro / Capacity of streptococcus mutans to ferment xylitol and sodium saccharin in vitro

ANTECEDENTES: Durante dácadas el consumo de azúcar ha sido relacionado como factor de riesgo de caries dental, si se remplazan estos azucares por otros agentes endulzantes no fermentables, prodria reducirse la incidencia de la caries.OBJETIVO: Con este estudio in vitro se buscó cuantificar el PH y la actividad acidogénica láctica en cultivos obtenidos de un acepa sensible de Streptococcus mutans, cultivada en triptona soya, más sacarina sódica, en presencia o no de suplemento de glucosa en transferencias diarias. RESULTADOS: El PH y la producción de ácido láctico en los cultivos con el xilitol solo, el xilitol más glucosa, y la glucosa sola presentaron diferencias pequeñas.